ROSEMEAD, Calif. » Inside one of Panda Express’ test kitchens, the chef that gave the world orange chicken was preparing something decidedly different: a classic regional Chinese dish called "lion’s head meatballs."

The recipe plays the rich and delicate texture of ground pork belly against a clear broth and blanched Napa cabbage, curled against the meatballs to look like a lion’s mane.

Company executives stabbed at the orbs prepared by Chef Andy Kao with plastic utensils, nodding in approval with each satisfying bite. The dish was ethereal, comforting and reminiscent of the version the chain’s founder, Andrew Cherng, ate as a boy growing up in China.

Customers of Panda Express, based in this city outside Los Angeles, will never get to try it. That’s because Kao and his team were there to reinvent the dish, frying and glazing the meatballs to make it look and taste more like something that belongs in one of the company’s 1,800 restaurants.

This is how new menu items are often developed at the world’s biggest Chinese dining chain: start with a time-honored recipe from the Old World and turn it on its head until it achieves palatability at U.S. malls, airports and highway exits where Panda Express is entrenched.

The hope is to score another hit like orange chicken, which the company sold 67 million pounds of last year, accounting for one-third of Panda’s sales volume.

"Chains are always going to have their greatest hits, so to speak, but menu innovation is integral to the success of chains such as Panda Express," said Andrew Alvarez, an analyst for IbisWorld, a market research firm. "Consumer preferences tend to shift, (and) the consistent and perpetual evolution of Panda’s menu has kept it ahead of the curve in this regard."

But even as Kao and his fellow test kitchen chefs try to Americanize regional Chinese classics, they’re also starting to take bigger chances — emboldened by the growing familiarity of Asian foods such as Japanese ramen, Korean barbecue and Sriracha hot sauce.

They’re also taking a cue from more authentic ethnic chains like Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. The $4.1 billion fast-casual giant famous for its hefty burritos has introduced a new way of eating Mexican food that’s somewhere between a Taco Bell and a roadside taqueria. It also operates ShopHouse, a chain of Southeast Asian-inspired restaurants whose menu features ingredients that are obscure to many Americans, such as tamarind and green papaya.

"When you try to make food all things for all people, you tend to make mediocre food," said Chris Arnold, Chipotle’s communication director. Chipotle, he said, aims for a loyal audience rather than a wider one.

Panda Express chefs are now experimenting with bolder ingredients such as fermented black beans, XO sauce and fish sauce in the belief that customers are ready to expand their culinary boundaries.

"Our guests are evolving in their tastes and what they want," said Andrea Cherng, 37, the company’s chief marketing officer and daughter of Andrew and Peggy Cherng, Panda Express’ co-chief executives. "Especially now in terms of the food industry’s transformation, we have to elevate our game."

Few companies have as much influence shaping a single cuisine as Panda Restaurant Group, founded in 1983. The business racked up $2.2 billion in revenue last year, nearly doubling in just four years at a time when sales volumes at Asian and Indian restaurants have been stagnant, according to research firm NDP Group.

When a Panda Express dish is a hit like its mushroom chicken, it will start appearing on the menus of mom-and-pop Chinese eateries. Even orange chicken has been flattered by imitation in the form of Trader Joe’s frozen Mandarin Orange Chicken.

The company typically introduces two new dishes a year to a menu designed to feature both healthful and caloric choices. There’s little margin for error. A new menu item can take between 18 months and five years to develop. Recipes will be tweaked dozens of times, and thousands of people will be interviewed in focus groups and taste panels.

Finding the winning recipe for the meatball falls mostly on Jimmy Wang, Panda’s director of culinary innovation. Kao, the inventor of orange chicken, is set to retire soon.

The Taiwanese-born Wang has introduced unusual burritolike wraps to cradle foods such as chow mein and honey walnut shrimp at the company’s Innovation Kitchen, where the public can order some of the test menu items.