MOSCOW >> Turkey and Russia traded newly heated barbs and threats Thursday as the fallout from Turkey’s downing of a Russian warplane threatened to lead to a wholesale breach in the countries’ relations.

Prime Minister Dmitry A. Medvedev gave government officials two days to draw up a list of ways for Russia to curb commercial ties and investment projects. That included the possible shelving of a multibillion-dollar deal to build a gas pipeline through Turkey that President Vladimir V. Putin once trumpeted as a welcome alternative route for substantial Russian gas exports to Europe.

Putin and his Turkish counterpart, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, stoked the confrontation by hurling insults at each other.

The standoff between the two proud, pugnacious leaders boded ill for the mission of President Francois Hollande of France, who arrived in Moscow to hold talks over dinner with Putin as part of his effort after the Paris attacks to cement an international coalition to confront the Islamic State.

Right after Turkey shot down the Russian warplane on Tuesday, claiming it had violated Turkish airspace, senior officials in both Moscow and Ankara vowed that they wanted to limit any larger conflict. Given that Turkey is a member of NATO, any military confrontation risks pulling in its Western allies.

But the economic, geographic and historically competitive ties that bind the two faded empires are facing new strains. At the very least, the tension will retard chances of resolving the bloody war in Syria.

On Thursday, Putin accused Turkey of ruining diplomatic relations between the two countries by refusing to apologize for what he said was a clear offense. Erdogan asserted that his country would shoot down the Russian plane all over again under the same circumstances.

Putin repeated his accusation that the downing of the Russian Sukhoi Su-24 was "a stab in the back" and reiterated Russia’s position that the plane was brought down over Syria, not Turkey.

"We have still not heard any comprehensible apologies from the Turkish political leaders, or any offers to compensate for the damage caused, or promises to punish the criminals for their crime," Putin said at the Kremlin, addressing 15 new foreign ambassadors who were presenting their credentials. His remarks were carried live on national television.

"One gets the impression that the Turkish leaders are deliberately leading Russian-Turkish relations into a gridlock," he said, "and we are sorry to see this."

Leaders in Turkey said no apology would be forthcoming. "Faced with the same violation today, Turkey would give the same response," Erdogan told a group of officials in Ankara.

Without naming Putin directly, the Turkish president dared those who had accused Turkey of supporting the Islamic State to prove it, saying that it was the government of President Bashar Assad, a Russian ally, that bought oil from the militant Islamic organization.

The foreign ministries of the two countries also got into the act.

The Turkish foreign minister, Mevlut Cavusoglu, said he had expressed regret over the incident in a phone call Wednesday to his Russian counterpart, Sergei V. Lavrov. There would be no apology, he stressed.

"We do not need to apologize on an occasion that we are right," Cavusoglu said.

Maria Zakharova, the spokeswoman for the Russian Foreign Ministry, objected to the failure of Turkish or NATO officials to offer condolences over the two Russian military men who died after the plane was shot down. She also demanded an explanation from Turkey about the circumstances of the pilot’s death, who was killed after he parachuted from the plane. It is believed he was shot by Turkmen insurgents who live along the border on the Syrian side and are supported by Ankara.

The insurgents have accused the Russian air force of hitting their positions especially hard after the downing, in areas distant from any Islamic State strongholds. It is widely anticipated that Russia will respond to the incident with more such attacks rather than with a direct military challenge to Turkey.

Even before any formal plans for economic sanctions were drawn up, Russia was already retaliating. Moscow has a long history of suddenly discovering faults with the goods and services of other nations when diplomatic relations sour.

Hundreds of trucks bearing Turkish fruits and vegetables and other products were stacking up at the Georgian border with Russia, Russian news media reported, as inspections slowed to a crawl and Russian officials suggested there might be a terrorist threat from the goods.

"This is only natural in light of Turkey’s unpredictable actions," Dmitry S. Peskov, the presidential spokesman, told reporters.

In the Krasnodar region, a group of 39 Turkish businessmen attending an agriculture exhibition were detained for entering Russia on tourist rather than business visas — a common practice — and were slated for deportation, according to a report on the website of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper.

Government officials announced that a special year of cultural exchanges slated for all of 2016 would be canceled.

The biggest question about possible economic fallout hung over major energy projects, including a gas pipeline across the Black Sea and the construction of Turkey’s first nuclear power plant.

Alexei Ulyukayev, the minister of economic development, said Thursday that both the pipeline, known as the Turkish Stream, and the Akkuyu nuclear power plant project might be included on any sanctions list.

Gazprom was expected to invest some $10 billion in the pipeline project, which Putin had praised in December 2014 as an alternative to the route across Europe. Russia had been seeking to build the $22 billon South Stream project to avoid sending gas across Ukraine, given its conflict with its neighbor, but balked at the sharing conditions set by the European Union.

The Russian government warned against tourism to Turkey, and most major tour operators stopped selling vacation packages. Turkey is among the most popular destinations for the Russian middle class, especially after trips to Egypt were banned in the wake of a terrorist attack three weeks ago.

Sanctions could be damaging for both countries, even if trade was down in 2015 from a year earlier.

Russia was the biggest source of Turkish imports in 2014, some $25 billion or 10 percent of the total, according to an analysis by Renaissance Capital, much of it likely natural gas. Turkey exported $6 billion worth of goods to Russia in 2014, 4 percent of all exports, and nearly 4.5 million Russians visited last year, according to the analysis.

The economies of both countries are troubled, and Russia needs all the customers it can find for its gas, given the plunge in energy prices in the past year. Plans to build exports to China are years away.

Russia does not always use a calculator in making sanctions decisions. In 2014, when the West imposed economic sanctions for the Russian annexation of Crimea and support for the separatist movement in Ukraine, the Kremlin responded by banning a wide range of food from the West. That caused a surge in prices for Russian consumers.

At the time, the Russian news media hailed the surge in imports of Turkish fruits and vegetables as superior to those from Europe.

Some Russian commentators mocked the prospect of sanctions against Turkey in response to the warplane downing.

"Russia’s response to a loss of a military jet, to an actual declaration of war, involved a ban on chicken imports and a ban on its tourists going on vacation to Turkey," Arkady Babchenko, a Russian journalist, wrote on his Facebook page. "That’s the whole set of tools this ‘energy superpower’ was able to set forth to project geopolitical influence when it came to real matters."

But the Ottoman Empire, Turkey’s ancestor, was an old, bloody rival of the Russian Empire, and the confrontation over the warplane mostly evoked a patriotic response across social media.

"The Turkish people have never been our friends — artful, cunning and hypocritical," wrote one man on his Facebook page, while another vowed that "I will not go to Turkey or buy Turkish products."

Other Russians lashed out directly at the man who was clashing with their president.

"Erdogan completely lost the sense of reality — no good will come of it — not for him, not for Turkey," wrote Igor Korotchenko, a high-profile military analyst, on Twitter.

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Ceylan Yeginsu contributed reporting from Istanbul.

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