Scientists are pointing to a surprising cause of some urinary tract infections: E. coli bacteria in meat. A new study used statistical modeling to estimate that E. coli, commonly known as the bacteria behind many foodborne illnesses, may cause hundreds of thousands of UTIs in the United States annually — probably a small fraction of overall UTIs, but enough to intrigue, and in some cases concern, experts.

The new study looked at chicken, turkey and pork in particular, as previous studies suggested that these foods can become contaminated with the type of E. coli that could induce a UTI. Over the past two decades, scientists have increasingly viewed food as a potential source of infection; the new study highlights just how pervasive these foodborne UTIs may be.

A UTI occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and infects the urinary tract. Sometimes an infection develops because of poor hygiene (i.e., not wiping correctly) or from sex, and some people are more anatomically or genetically prone to develop an infection than others. UTIs can be pernicious and painful. People may experience symptoms such as discomfort when urinating or a frequent need to urinate; they may feel cramps, fatigue or a stinging sensation during sex. Some may have “urinary hesitancy,” said Dr. Monica Woll Rosen, an OB-GYN at the University of Michigan Medical School — the urge to urinate that doesn’t produce any urine. UTIs occur in both men and women, but they are more common in women because females have shorter urethras.

The symptoms of a UTI are likely to be the same no matter the source of the infection, Rosen said. Although the vast majority of UTI infections are mild and treatable, in rare cases UTIs can be severe, and even fatal, which is why researchers are so motivated to track down their causes.

How can food cause a UTI?

A foodborne UTI starts the way most UTIs do: when E. coli from the gut migrates from the anus to the urethra, said Lance Price, a professor of environmental and occupational health at George Washington University and one of the authors of the new study.

Most of us carry E. coli around in our guts most of the time, said Dr. James Johnson, an infectious disease professor and leading researcher on urinary tract infections at the University of Minnesota and an author of the study. E. coli can contaminate food, but humans and animals can also carry and transmit the bacteria to one another. For the most part, this bacteria won’t bother us; only specific E. coli strains have the capacity to colonize the urinary tract and cause UTIs. “As long as they stay where they belong in the gut, everybody’s happy,” Johnson said. “It’s only when they get confused and go somewhere that they shouldn’t be that trouble can happen.”

Other foods, including plants, can potentially harbor the E. coli that causes UTIs, but those strains seem to be more commonly found in meats than in other foods, Price said.

There’s no way to determine the source of a UTI based on symptoms, although you’re far more likely to get infected from a nonfood source of E. coli than from foodborne E. coli, Johnson said. And other bacteria can also cause UTIs.

How to reduce your risk of getting a UTI from food

The findings from this study don’t mean you should immediately change your eating habits, said Dr. Michelle Van Kuiken, a urologist at the University of California, San Francisco. “There’s not a one-to-one correlation” between eating meat and UTIs, she said, adding that she sees plenty of patients with recurrent UTIs who are vegetarians and vegans. But further research might illuminate how diet can impact the risk of infection.

The recent findings should remind people to double down on preventive measures when cooking meat, Price said. That means being mindful not just when you handle raw meat itself but when you interact with the packaging — especially the potentially bacteria-laden juices in a raw-chicken container, for example.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people take basic steps to safely prepare food and prevent potential E. coli exposure, including washing hands before, during and after cooking; using separate cutting boards for raw meats and other items such as produce; ensuring that meats are cooked to the appropriate temperature; and refrigerating foods properly.

Although it may seem counterintuitive to associate kitchen hygiene with UTI prevention, Johnson said the emerging research on foodborne E. coli shows that taking these steps could potentially ward off infection, just the way urinating after sex, staying hydrated and properly wiping might.

“Most people don’t really understand how UTIs happen,” he said. “They just happen.”

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.